pluralexternalitiesECONOMICSdamagecausedby a company'sactivitiesfor which it does notpay, or somethingpositivecreatedby it for which it does notreceivepayment:Governments, throughlawsandregulations,attempttotransferthecostsof externalities such aspollutionback to theresponsibleparties.(Definition ofexternalityfrom theCambridge Business English Dictionary? Cambridge University Press)
Examplesofexternality
externalityAs industrial production has fallen so have associated negative externalities, leading to reductions in air, water, soil, and noise pollution.From theCambridge English CorpusAlso, research work on appropriate mechanisms for internalization of various externalities tends to focus on internalization design at an aggregate production level.From theCambridge English CorpusAdding externalities, or other realistic features of the natural capital aggregate, would presumptively complicate the system's dynamics.From theCambridge English CorpusHowever, it represents a more realistic scenario for providing correlated local and global environmental externalities from the local perspective.From theCambridge English CorpusEconomically, they are the solutions of a problem for a global planner who wants to provide both global and local stock externalities efficiently.From theCambridge English CorpusProduction of theexternality, in turn, is influenced by wage employment opportunities downstream.From theCambridge English CorpusThe impact ranges of environmental stock externalities can be either local or global and the dissipation rates of these stock externalities vary dramatically.From theCambridge English CorpusOur paper addresses the question of how the pension formula has to be adapted in order to incorporate the externalities in some sense of optimality.From theCambridge English CorpusThese systems have diversity in time because producers must manage externalities that change.From theCambridge English CorpusExamples of externalities include negative environmental effects such as pollution and the unsustainable depletion of natural resources.From theCambridge English CorpusAlong alternative paths,externalityavoidance generates a self-reinforcing incentive that pulls labour away from theexternality-producing activity.From theCambridge English CorpusThe sub-game perfect equilibrium extraction paths (and payoffs) of the closed-loop solution incorporate both the stock and strategicexternality.From theCambridge English CorpusAlong one set of paths, externalities reinforce incentives to engage inexternality-producing activities.From theCambridge English CorpusThe model demonstrates how, in the presence of externalities and feedbacks, payments to upland workers could produce income gains for both upland and lowland households.From theCambridge English CorpusA simulation is used to study the impact of environmental payments to upland households in exchange for allocating labour away from theexternality-producing activity.From theCambridge English CorpusThese examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.#https://dictionary.cambridge.org//dictionary/english/externality##
